***Note to Authors: please make sure your contact address information is clearly visible on the outside of all packages you are sending to Editors.***

We strongly encourage you to send the final, revised version of your article, electronically, by email. More help and guidelines on submitting articles already accepted for publication. Please note that this information applies only to authors whose articles have been reviewed, revised, and accepted for publication.

Scope
perspectives: policy & practice in Higher Education provides higher education managers and administrators with innovative material which analyses and informs their practice of management.

Perspectives aims to:

• disseminate ideas which enhance the practical aspects of higher education management and administration;
• further managers' knowledge and understanding of developments within the current higher education environment;
• foster debate about the implications of major external influences on the system and key issues for institutional management;
• provide for the exchange and internationalisation of ideas in relation to the management of higher education systems and institutions.

Contacting the Editor-in-Chief

Dr Giles H Brown
School of Geographical Sciences
University of Bristol
University Road
Bristol
BS8 1SS
Tel + 44 (0) 117 928 7875
Fax +44 (0) 117 928 7878

Email: G.H.Brown@bristol.ac.uk

A Note from the Editors

perspectives aims to be of use to practitioners. Our practicality is, to a large extent, what we think distinguishes us from other journals in the higher education field. We are looking for a critical analysis of case material that will help to draw out lessons for readers, and therefore recommend that authors use their own experiences to provide illustrations of the general points they are making, whilst setting this in the context of the literature. Consistent referencing, and an explanation of any specialist terms for a non-specialist audience, should be used.

Feedback that we have received since perspectives was first published suggests that the following tips may be useful:

• Have clear objectives and make sure that your paper does indeed end up answering the question set on the first page, using case material as appropriate to give practical signposts about the way through any problems.
• New insights can be gained by looking at familiar problems in new conceptual frameworks, such as changes in public attitudes to higher education.
• Try to show the way through problems, drawing out the learning points in a way that is likely to be applicable to others.

Our message, therefore, is that if you have something to say which you think will interest your fellow professionals in the UK and overseas, please tell us in a clear, direct and personal way.

Submitting a paper to perspectives

perspectives considers all manuscripts on condition they are the property (copyright) of the submitting author(s) and that copyright will be transferred to perspectives if the paper is accepted. perspectives considers all manuscripts on the strict condition that they have been submitted only to perspectives, that they have not been published already, nor are they under consideration for publication, nor in press elsewhere. Authors who fail to adhere to this condition will be charged all costs which perspectives incurs, and their papers will not be published.

• Please write clearly and concisely, stating your objectives clearly and defining your terms. Your arguments should be substantiated with well reasoned supporting evidence.
• For all manuscripts, gender-, race-, and creed-inclusive language is mandatory.
• Papers should not exceed 3500 words.
• The preferred method of submitting manuscripts is by email attachment. If this is not possible, they should be submitted on a labelled disk accompanied by a hard copy. The disk should contain only one version of the paper, which should correspond exactly to the hard copy.
• Authors should include full postal address, telephone and fax numbers and e-mail address.
• Bionotes (around 50 words) should be located at the beginning of the paper, and a recent photograph of the author(s) should be sent to the Editor as soon as the paper is accepted for publication; these may be submitted electronically or in hard form.
• In writing your paper, you are encouraged to review articles in the area you are addressing which have been previously published in the journal, and where you feel appropriate, to reference them. This will enhance context, coherence, and continuity for our readers.
• The Editors may request revisions to papers, before or after submitting them for referees' reports, or at the copy-editing stage.
• Please remember that papers that have been accepted will be published at the next available opportunity. This depends on the volume and flow of material and it is not possible to guarantee publication in a particular issue of the journal. A strict queuing system operates.

Copyright permission

Contributors are required to secure permission for the reproduction of any figure, table, or extensive (more than fifty word) extract from the text, from a source which is copyrighted - or owned - by a party other than Taylor & Francis or the contributor.

This applies both to direct reproduction or 'derivative reproduction' - when the contributor has created a new figure or table which derives substantially from a copyrighted source.

The following form of words can be used in seeking permission:

Dear [COPYRIGHT HOLDER]

I/we are preparing for publication an article entitled

[STATE TITLE]

to be published by Taylor & Francis in perspectives.

I/we should be grateful if you would grant us permission to include the following materials:

[STATE FIGURE NUMBER AND ORIGINAL SOURCE]

We are requesting non-exclusive rights in this edition and in all forms. It is understood, of course, that full acknowledgement will be given to the source.

Please note that Taylor & Francis are signatories of and respect the spirit of the STM Agreement regarding the free sharing and dissemination of scholarly information.

Your prompt consideration of this request would be greatly appreciated.

Yours faithfully

Notes on style

All authors are asked to take account of the diverse audience of perspectives. Clearly explain or avoid the use of terms that might be meaningful only to a local or national audience. However, note also that perspectives does not aspire to be international in the ways that McDonald's restaurants or Hilton Hotels are 'international'; we much prefer papers that, where appropriate, reflect the particularities of each higher education system.

Some specific points of style for the text of papers, research reports, case studies, reports, essay reviews, and reviews follow.

1. perspectives prefers US to 'American', USA to 'United States', and UK to United Kingdom'.

2 . perspectives uses conservative British, not US, spelling, ie colour not color; behaviour (behavioural) not behavior; [school] programme not program; [he] practises not practices; centre not center; organisation not organization; analyse not analyze, etc.

3. Single 'quotes' are used for quotations rather than double "quotes", unless the 'quote is "within" another quote'.

4. Long quotes (over 40 words) are normally displayed apart from the text and indented. Such quotes do not need quotation marks. Material directly quoted from another source should not be edited except to add: (i) ellipsis points (…) where material has been omitted; (ii) additions or explanations in square brackets; or (iii) italics to emphasise a word or words. The source of the quote (author, year and page number) should be given at the end of the quote.

5. Punctuation of common abbreviations should follow the following conventions: eg ie cf. Note that such abbreviations are not followed by a comma or a (double) point/period.

6. A parenthetical dash (en-dash) should be indicated by a clear dash (-) or a double hyphen (--).

7. perspectives is sparing in its use of the upper case in headings and references, eg only the first word in paper titles and all subheads is in upper case; titles of papers from journals in the references and other places are not in upper case.

8. Apostrophes should be used sparingly. Thus, decades should be referred to as follows: 'The 1980s [not the 1980's] saw ...'. Possessives associated with acronyms (e.g. APU), should be written as follows: 'The APU's findings that ...', but, NB, the plural is APUs.

9. Do not hyphenate -ly word combinations; for example, the newly registered student. Hyphenate words consistently. Hyphens should be used in compound adjectives describing a following noun, (large-scale map), in prefixed words such as pre-war, in compound modifiers such as a two-way interaction, in self-compounds, and in compound words such as Watson-Crick helix. A hyphen often serves where misinterpretation is likely.

10. Avoid the use of 'see below' and 'see above'. Alternatives are: see earlier/later, in the method described previously, the aforementioned method, etc.

11. Do not write a colon as :-.

12. If a sentence is enclosed within brackets, the final full stop should also be within the brackets.

13. All acronyms for national agencies, examinations, etc, should be spelled out the first time they are introduced in text or references. Thereafter the acronym can be used if appropriate, eg 'The work f the Assessment of Performance Unit (APU) in the early 1980s ...'. Subsequently, 'The APU studies of achievement ...', in a reference ... (Department of Education and Science [DES] 1989a).

14. Brief biographical details of significant national figures should be outlined in the text unless it is quite clear that the person concerned would be known internationally. Some suggested editorial emendations to a typical text are indicated in the following with square brackets: 'From the time of H. E. Armstrong [in the 19th century] to the curriculum development work associated with the Nuffield Foundation [in the 1960s], there has been a shift from heurism to constructivism in the design of [British] science courses'.

15. The preferred local (national) usage for ethnic and other minorities should be used in all papers. For the USA, African-American, Hispanic, and Native American are used, eg 'The African American presidential candidate, Jesse Jackson...' For the UK, African-Caribbean (not 'West Indian'), etc.

16. Numbers in text should take the following forms: 300, 3,000, 30,000. Spell out numbers under 100 unless used with a unit of measure, eg nine pupils but 9 mm (do not introduce periods with measure). For decimals, use the form 0.05 (not .05). Numbers over 100 should be written in figures except where they occur at the beginning of a sentence.

17. When using a word which is or is asserted to be a proprietary term or trade mark authors' must use the symbol ® or TM or alternatively the following footnote can be inserted:

This paper includes a word which is or is asserted to be a proprietary term or trade mark. Its inclusion does not imply it has acquired for legal purposes a non-proprietary or general significance, nor is any other judgement implied concerning its legal status.

Citations in text

References should be cited using the author-date, or Harvard, system.

1. 'Ibid.' (and the like) are not used when repeating citations. Simply repeat the original citation verbatim, eg (Orwell 1945).

2. Citations should be included in prefatory material to quotes (wherever possible) rather than placing them at the end. Thus, for example, 'Orwell (1945: 23) reduces the principles of animalism to seven commandments, namely, ...' is preferred to 'Orwell reduced the principles of animalism to seven commandments, namely, ... (Orwell 1945: 23)'.

3. Multiple citations within parentheses should be divided by a comma, not a semi-colon, and there should be no use of '&' within such multiple references. References to works published in the same year should be cited as, eg (Smith 1991a, b).

4. Multiple citations within a text should be ordered by date, not alphabetically by authors name, eg (Smith 1902, Jones and Bower 1934, Brown 1955, 1958a, b, Green 1995).

5. 'et al.' may be used in references within the text when a paper or book has three or more authors, but note that all names should be given in the reference itself.

6. Page spans in references should be given in full, e.g. 'Sedgewick (1935: 102-103; emphasis added) outlines them as follows:'.

Tables and figures

Artwork should be submitted either as hard copy or electronically in a separate file from the paper. Do not submit original artwork. Tables and figures must be referred to in the text and numbered in order of appearance.

1. Tables and figures should be referred to in text as follows: figure 1, table 1, ie lower case. 'As seen in table [or figure] 1 ...' (not Tab., fig. or Fig).

2. The place at which a table or figure is to be inserted in the printed text should be indicated clearly:

Insert table 2 about here

3. Each table and/or figure must have a title that explains its purpose without reference to the text.

4. All figures and tables must be on separate sheets or files and not embedded in the text.

Acknowledgements

Any acknowledgements authors wish to make should be included in a separate headed section at the end of the manuscript. Please do not incorporate these into the bionote or notes.

Book reviews

1. The following header material should appear in all reviews in the following order (note also the punctuation):

University of Central England Student Satisfaction Manual. By Lee Harvey with Lesley Plimmer, Sue Moon and Vicki Geall

(The Society for Research into Higher Education/Open University Press, Buckingham, 1997), £199 (hbk), ISBN 0-335-19779-5

2. Page references within reviews should be given as follows: (p.337) or (pp.36-37)

References

Perspectives uses the author-date, or Harvard, system, ie references should be indicated in the manuscript by giving the author's name, with the year of publication in brackets, eg Smith (1994); or if there are more than two authors, Smith et al (1994). If several papers from the same author(s) and from the same year are cited, (a), (b), (c) etc should be put after the year of publication. The references should then be listed in full alphabetically at the end of the paper in the following standard form:

For books:

Walkerdine, V. (1990) Schoolgirl Fictions, 2nd edition (London, Verso).

Lingard, B., Knight, J. and Porter, P. (eds) (1993) Schooling Reform in Hard Times (London, Falmer).

For chapters within books:

Cohen, D. K. and Spillane, J.P. (1992) Policy and practice: the relations between governance and instruction. In G. Grant (ed) Review of Research in Education (Washington, DC, American Educational Research Association) pp 3-50.

Stodolsky, S. (1989) Is teaching really by the book? In P.W. Jackson and S. Haroutunian-Gordon (eds) From Socrates to Software: The Teacher as Text and the Text of the Teacher. 89th Yearbook, Part 1 of the National Society for the Study of Education (Chicago, NSSE) pp 159-184.

For papers in journals:

Elbaz, F. (1991) Research on teachers' knowledge: the evolution of a discourse. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 23, 1-20.

For technical reports and unpublished literature:

Burnham, C.A. and Anderson, T.H. (1991) Learning to sew on a button by reading a procedural text. CSR Technical Report No. 543, Center for the Study of Reading, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. ERIC ED 332 157.

Clark, C.M. and Lampert, M. (1985) What knowledge is of most worth to teachers? Insights from studies of teacher thinking. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association (College of Education, Michigan State University, East Lansing). ERIC ED 266 109.

Reference to a newspaper or magazine:

Richards, H. (1996) Republican lite? The Times Higher Education Supplement, 1 November, 16.

Reference to an Internet source:

Give the universal resource locator (URL) in full:

http://acsinfo.acs.org/instruct/instruct.html

Reference to a case in law:

In text, italicize names of plaintiffs and defendants:

Miranda v. Arizona 1974

Reference to government legislation:

US Congress, Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, 1956, The Mutual Security Act of 1956, 84th Congress, second session, report 2273. US Congress, House Committee on Banking & Currency, 1945, Bretton Woods

Other points to note

1. References to multi-authored books and papers should be fully spelled out in the references, ie et al should not be used. The '&' should not be used except for publisher's names.

2. References to chapters in edited books must include the page references for any chapter being cited. Such references should include the full page span (e.g. 212-252, NOT 212-52). Note that a single editor is indicated by (ed) and multiple editors by (eds).

Electronic Processing

For the main text of your paper, most standard PC or Mac word-processing software packages are acceptable, although Microsoft Word in a PC format is preferred.

Avoid the use of embedded footnotes, tables and figures and do not include such layout features as tints, boxes etc. These may be indicated on a separate hard copy.