Footnotes and text citation. All notes in the text should appear as footnotes. They should be numbered consecutively throughout the text. The abbreviation "p." or "pp." is used to denote page numbers in footnotes. For articles in which the footnotes contain full bibliographical information, only the first citation of a work should be given in full. When references to the same work follow without interruption, use ibid. When notes to the same work follow after interruption, use the author's last name and a shortened title of the book or article; do not use op. cit. Please print footnotes in a minimum of a 12 point double-space font.

The style of textual citations and references should conform to the following examples:

Textual citations
E.H. Carr, A History of Soviet Russia (Socialism in One Country), Vol. III (London: Macmillan, 1964), p. 649.
Michael Palumbo, Imperial Israel (London: Bloomsbury, 1992), p. 28.
The Times (4 October 1932), p. 5.
Shlomo Slonim, 'Origins of the 1950 Tripartite Declaration on the Middle East', Middle Eastern Studies, 23 (1987), pp. 135-149.

References. For articles in which a list of references is given on the final text page, the entries should be listed under 'References'. Please list all references alphabetically by author. Where more than one work is cited for an individual author, these works should be listed chronologically. For references please observe the following: (a) list all collaborators on the book or article; (b) give complete information about periodical data such as volume, month, page numbers, series; (c) do not use abbreviations for titles of journals.

References
Badawi, M.M. (1993) A Short History of Modern Arabic Literature (Oxford: Clarendon Press).
Hargreaves Alec (1993) 'Figuring out their place: post-colonial writers of Algerian origin in France', in Forum for Modern Language Studies, 29, pp. 334-345.
Jorgensen, Connie (1994) 'Women, revolution and Israel', in Mary Ann Tétreault (ed.) Women and Revolution in Africa, Asia and the New World (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press).

Quotations. Short quotations within the text should appear within quotation marks; longer quotations should be indented about 2 cm along the left margin. Words, punctuation, or italicization not present in the original should be contained within square brackets or noted as 'emphasis added'.

Transliteration. BJMES follows the transliteration system of IJMES (see back of IJMES for further details).

All Arabic, Turkish (modern or Ottoman) and Persian words should be transliterated with diacritical marks (macrons and dots), EXCEPT the following:

1. Personal names (e.g. Ayman Sidiqi)
2. Place names (e.g. Shibin al-Qum)
3. Names of political parties (e.g. al-Tagammu', al-Ba'th)
4. Titles of books/newspapers/magazines (e.g. Ru'ya islamiyya Mu'asira, Ruz al-Yusif, Al-Ahrar)

The above should be transliterated according to the transliteration system but WITHOUT diacriticals. 'Ayn and hamza should be shown (since these are letters not diacriticals). Except for proper names and book titles or where a letter falls at the beginning of a sentence or footnote, transliteration terms are NOT capitalized.

Other exceptions: Names of people and places that possess a Europeanized version are not transliterated, e.g. Gamal Adbel Nasser, Boumedienne, Basra, Suez.

Terms found in a good English dictionary (such as, the Oxford) are not transliterated not italicized, e.g. ulema, qadi, madrasa, Hadith, Sunna, fatwa, jihad, Quran, and so forth.

Authors should ensure that this system is followed closely and accurately. All authors are responsible for the consistency and accuracy of their transliteration. Manuscripts that do not conform to these requirements will be returned to the author for immediate revision. Authors should also ensure that they distinguish between the hamza, 'ayn, and the apostrophe in the text.

Tables and captions to illustrations. Tables must be typed out on separate sheets and not included as part of the text. The captions to illustrations should be gathered together and also typed out on a separate sheet. Tables should be numbered by Roman numerals, and figures by Arabic numerals. The approximate position of tables and figures should be indicated in the manuscript. Captions should include keys to symbols.

Figures. Please supply one set of artwork in a finished form, suitable for reproduction. If this is not possible, figures will be redrawn by publishers.